Overproduction of clavulanic acid by extractive fermentation

Background Clavulanic acid is an important beta-lactamase inhibitor produced as a secondary metabolite by the actinomycete Streptomyces clavuligerus. Clavulanic acid is chemically unstable; therefore, it is degraded during bacterial cultivation. In this work, the adsorbents clinoptilolite, activated carbon, calcined hydrotalcite, and Amberlite IRA 400 anionic exchange resin were studied in terms of their ability to adsorb clavulanic acid during extractive fermentation, in order to prevent product degradation and avoid product concentrations reaching inhibitory levels. Adsorption assays were used to investigate the effect of pH, and the decrease in the clavulanic acid concentration in the culture broth was measured for each adsorbent. Results IRA 400 was found to be most effective, with 78% adsorption of clavulanic acid. The maximum production of clavulanic acid in Erlenmeyer flask cultures increased 86% in terms of mass of CA, and 248% in cumulative CA concentration, with the use of Amberlite IRA 400 as adsorbent in extractive fermentation, compared to control fermentation performed without product removal. Conclusions The results indicated that extractive fermentation using a solid phase could be an important way of enhancing clavulanic acid titers. It was also possible to show that clavulanic acid acts as an inhibitor of its own synthesis.

Screening of wild type Streptomyces isolates able to overproduce clavulanic acid

The selection of new microorganisms able to produce antimicrobial compounds is hoped for to reduce their production costs and the side effects caused by synthetic drugs. Clavulanic acid is a β-lactam antibiotic produced by submerged culture, which is widely used in medicine as a powerful inhibitor of β-lactamases, enzymes produced by bacteria resistant to antibiotics such penicillin and cephalosporin. The purpose of this work was to select the best clavulanic acid producer among strains of Streptomyces belonging to the Microorganism Collection of the Department of Antibiotics of the Federal University of Pernambuco (DAUFPE). Initially, the strains were studied for their capacity to inhibit the action of β-lactamases produced by Klebsiella aerogenes ATCC 15380. From these results, five strains were selected to investigate the batch kinetics of growth and clavulanic acid production in submerged culture carried out in flasks. The results were compared with the ones obtained by Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064 selected as a control strain. The best clavulanic acid producer was Streptomyces DAUFPE 3060, molecularly identified as Streptomyces variabilis, which increased the clavulanic acid production by 28% compared to the control strain. This work contributes to the enlargement of knowledge on new Streptomyces wild strains able to produce clavulanic acid by submerged culture.

Clavulanic acid production by the MMS 150 mutant obtained from wild type Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064

Clavulanic acid (CA) is a powerful inhibitor of the beta-lactamases, enzymes produced by bacteria resistants to penicillin and cefalosporin. This molecule is produced industrially by strains of Streptomyces clavuligerus in complex media which carbon and nitrogen resources are supplied by inexpensive compounds still providing high productivity. The genetic production improvement using physical and chemical mutagenic agents is an important strategy in programs of industrial production development of bioactive metabolites. However, parental strains are susceptible to loss of their original productivity due genetic instability phenomenona. In this work, some S. clavuligerus mutant strains obtained by treatment with UV light and with MMS are compared with the wild type (Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064). The results indicated that the random mutations originated some strains with different phenotypes, most divergent demonstrated by the mutants strains named AC116, MMS 150 and MMS 54, that exhibited lack of pigmentation in their mature spores. Also, the strain MMS 150 presented a larger production of CA when cultivated in semi-synthetics media. Using other media, the wild type strain obtained a larger CA production. Besides, using the modifed complex media the MMS 150 strain showed changes in its lipolitic activity and a larger production of CA. The studies also allowed finding the best conditions for a lipase activity exhibited by wild type S. clavuligerus and the MMS150 mutant.

Avaliação da acurácia de testes laboratoriais para detecção de amostras de Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de betalactamase de espectro estendido / Comparison of different methods for detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producers of extended spectrum beta-lactamase

Bactérias produtoras de betalactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) representam um dos mais importantes problemas de resistência bacteriana nos hospitais brasileiros. A necessidade da implementação de testes que apresentem alta acurácia e baixo custo é de suma importância devido à dificuldade na detecção de ESBL. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a acurácia dos testes de adição de ácido clavulânico comercializados pela Oxoid© (Basingstoke, Inglaterra) e do Etest ESBL Screen© (AB Biodisk, Solna, Suécia) para detecção de K. pneumoniae produtoras de ESBL. Objetivamos também avaliar comparativamente a sensibilidade e a especificidade dos substratos betalactâmicos utilizados nestas metodologias. Foram avaliadas 134 amostras de K. pneumoniae isoladas em hemocultura de pacientes internados no Hospital São Paulo no período de julho de 1996 a julho de 2001. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à produção de ESBL pelo teste de triagem preconizado pelo National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), adição de ácido clavulânico (Oxoid©) e Etest ESBL Screen©. Foram consideradas produtoras de ESBL (padrão-ouro) amostras que apresentaram teste de triagem positivo e pelo menos um dos dois testes avaliados também positivo. O teste de adição de ácido clavulânico (Oxoid©) apresentou 100 por cento de sensibilidade e 100 por cento de especificidade, e os substratos que apresentaram melhor desempenho neste teste foram cefotaxima e cefpodoxima, ambos com 100 por cento de especificidade. O Etest ESBL Screen© apresentou 96 por cento de sensibilidade e 100 por cento de especificidade, sendo que a cefotaxima mostrou novamente melhor desempenho, com 92,5 por cento de sensibilidade e 100 por cento de especificidade. O teste de adição de ácido clavulânico (Oxoid©) apresentou excelente desempenho e pode ser facilmente implementado na rotina laboratorial por ser de alta acurácia e de fáceis realização e interpretação.